ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle. @*Materials and Methods@#Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @*Results@#The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2ndmonth post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA. @*Conclusion@#The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Bovine respiratory disease is a worldwide health concern in the feedlot cattle causing morbidity and mortality in young with major economic losses to the producer. Programs of vaccination are integral parts of preventive health programs. We aim to prepare and evaluate lyophilized combined inactivated viruses (bovine viral diarrhea virus [BVDV] genotypes 1 and 2, bovine herpes virus type 1.1 [BoHV-1.1], bovine parainfluenza-3 virus [BPI-3V], and bovine respiratory syncytial virus [BRSV]) vaccine using saponin as a solvent and adjuvant in cattle. @*Materials and Methods@#Lyophilized Pneumo-5 vaccine was formulated to include the inactivated BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV. The saponin solution was used as an adjuvant and solvent. The prepared vaccines were adjusted to contain 1- and 1.5-mg saponin/dose. It was evaluated for its sterility, safety, and potency in mice and calves. The antibody titers in vaccinated calves were measured by virus neutralization test and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). @*Results@#The Pneumo-5 vaccine was found to be free from any contaminants and safe in mice. Meanwhile, the vaccine showed safety in calves which inoculated intramuscularly with the double dose of the vaccines. The overall immune response reached its peak in the 2ndmonth post-vaccination. The vaccine contained saponin 1.5 mg/dose reached its antibodies peak in the 4th-week post-vaccination. All groups of vaccinated calves with both concentrations of the saponin did not show statistical significance in antibody titers measured by serum neutralization test and/or ELISA. @*Conclusion@#The prepared vaccine, namely Pneumo-5, and adjuvanted with either 1 or 1.5 mg/dose saponin was proved safe and potent for effectual protection of calves against BVDV genotypes 1 and 2, BoHV-1.1, BPI-3V, and BRSV.
ABSTRACT
Hepatitis C virus [HCV] is a major public health problem worldwide, which causes high rate of chronic liver disease such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Plasma transforming growth factor Beta-1 [TGFB-1] is a member of large family of peptides, which has a major regulatory role in hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. The study evaluated the role of transforming growth factor Beta-1 [TGFB-1] in induction of fibrosis in liver parasites-free HCV patients with related steatohepatitis. Thirty HCV patients who were clinically and serologically positive were selected. They were diagnosed as fatty liver by abdominal ultrasonography; steatohepatitis and confirmed by histopathological biopsies examination. ELISA evaluated plasma transforming growth factor Beta-1 [TGFB-1] level. Also, 12 cross-matched subjects clinically, parasitologically and serologically free were used as a controls. The level of plasma transforming growth factor Beta-1 [TGFB-1] was highly elevated in the patients versus controls with mean +/- SD 18739.86 +/- 18539.46 and 6465 +/- 1142 respectively [P < 0.001]. The TGFB-1 level in HCV related steato-hepatitis was elevated in all grades in contrast to controls [P < 0.05], without relation between the TGFB-1 levels and steatohepatitis severity. The TGFB-1 level showed high significant difference in all stages of fibrosis in patients in contrast to controls and the TGFB-1 level was very high when fibrosis started in stage I [P < 0.01] and tended to decrease in fibrosis of stage 2 and 3 [P < 0.05]. There was highly significant positive correlation between TGFB-1 and body mass index [BMI] r = 0.774
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Fatty Liver , Liver Cirrhosis , Transforming Growth Factor beta/blood , Liver Function Tests , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Adiponectin is an adipose tissue derived mediator with significant anti atherosclerotic properties and is involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity and lipid oxidation, a few studies were done in acute phase of myocardial infarction, especially in none obese patients. The study investigated the association between adiponectin concentration and acute phase of myocardial infarction [MI] in non obese men patients. The results showed that adiponectin levels in patients with AMI [5.2ug/ml] were significantly lower than that of control group [7.5ug/ml] [P<0.001]. Lower adiponectin levels were independently associated with higher risk of AMI [odd ratio= 6.12, 95% CIs: 2.4-18.6; P=<0.001]. Adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with triglyceride [r=-0.34] in case group and [r=-0.41] in control group [P< 0.001]. In addition, negatively correlated with BMI [r=-0.27] in case group and [r=-0.23] in control group [P< 0.001], but adiponectin levels is positively correlated with HDL-Cholesterol [r= 0.45] in case group and [r=0.51] in control group with [P<0.001]